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Rating Scales

A Mind Odyssey

Adapted
                           from the Family Practice Notebook website. 
Other references are listed below. 
Links in blue are from the Family Practice Notebook website. 
 
GERIATRIC DEPRESSION SCALE (GDS)
CHOOSE
                           THE BEST ANSWER FOR HOW YOU FELT THIS PAST WEEK                                                   
                           
CIRCLE ONE 
* 1.  Are you basically satisfied with your life?    
                                     yes     NO
  2.  Have you dropped many of your activities
                           and 
       interests?                                    
                                                    
                           YES     no
  3.  Do you feel that your life is empty?                      
                           YES     no
  4.  Do you often get bored?                        
                                         
                           YES     no
* 5.  Are you hopeful about the future?             
                                      yes     NO
  6.  Are you bothered by thoughts you can't get out
      
                           of your head?                                 
                                                 YES    
                           no
* 7.  Are you in good spirits most of the time?             
                           yes     NO
  8.  Are you afraid that something bad is going to
       happen to you?                                
                                               
                           YES     no
* 9.  Do you feel happy most of the time?            
                                   yes    
                           NO
 10.  Do you often feel helpless?                    
                                        YES     no
 11. 
                           Do you often get restless and fidgety?         
                                  YES    
                           no
 12.  Do you prefer to stay at home, rather than
       going out and doing new things?                           YES    
                           no
 13.  Do you frequently worry about the future?           YES     no
 14. 
                           Do you feel you have more problems with
      
                           memory than most?                             
                                           
                           YES     no
*15.  Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now?        yes     NO
 16.  Do you often feel downhearted and blue?        
                              YES     no
 17.  Do you feel pretty worthless the way you are
       now?                                          
                                                     
                           YES     no
 18.  Do you worry a lot about the past?                       YES    
                           no
*19.  Do you find life very exciting?                               yes    
                           NO
 20.  Is it hard for you to get started on new
       projects?                                     
                                                    
                           YES     no
*21.  Do you feel full of energy?                
                                            
                           yes     NO
 22.  Do you feel that your situation is hopeless?         YES     no
 23.  Do you think that most people are better off
       than you are?                                 
                                                
                           YES     no
 24.  Do you frequently get upset over little things?     YES     no
 25. 
                           Do you frequently feel like crying?            
                                     YES     no
 26.  Do you
                           have trouble concentrating?             
                                  YES    
                           no
*27.  Do you enjoy getting up in the morning?             
                           yes     NO
 28.  Do you prefer to avoid social gatherings?      
                                YES    
                           no
*29.  Is it easy for you to make decisions?                    yes     NO
*30.  Is your mind as clear as it used to be?        
                                   yes    
                           NO
                     
                           
*Appropriate (nondepressed) answers = yes, all others= no        
                           
 or count number of CAPITALIZED (depressed) answers
 
Score:
                           _____  (Number of "depressed" answers)  
                           
                                                                  
Norms
----------------------------
Normal                           5 +/- 4
Mildly
                           depressed         
                           15 +/- 6
Very depressed     
                                 23 +/- 5
________________________________________________________________
 
References: 
1.  Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al.  Development
                           and
validation of a geriatric depression rating scale:  a
                           preliminary
report.  J Psych Res. 1983; 17:27. 
2.  Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA.  Geriatric Depression Scale:  recent
evidence and development of a shorter version. 
                           Clin Gerontol. 
1986; 5:165-172. 
The Geriatric Depression Scale may be used freely for patient
assessment
                           according to the authors.
 
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
Background 
Twenty one question Survey completed by physician 
 
    1. Background
    2. Twenty one question Survey completed by physician

    1. Questions
    2. Depressed mood (0 to 4)
    3. Feelings of guilt (0 to 4)
    4. Suicide (0 to 4)
    5. Insomnia
      1. Early (0 to 2)
      2. Middle (0 to 2)
      3. Late (0 to 2)
    6. Work activities (0 to 4)
    7. Retardation to stupor (0 to 4)
    8. Agitation (0 to 2)
    9. Fear (0 to 4)
    10. Anxiety (0 to 4)
    11. Gastrointestinal symptoms (0 to 2)
    12. Systemic somatic symptoms (0 to 2)
    13. Decreased libido or menstrual disturbance (0 to 2)
    14. Hypochondiasis (0 to 4)
    15. Weight loss (0 to 2)
    16. Diminished insight (0 to 2)
    17. Symptom diurnal variation (1 to 2)
    18. Feelings of unreality (0 to 4)
    19. Paranoid symptoms (0 to 3)
    20. Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms (0 to 2)

    1. Resources
    2. Hamilton Scale from Glaxo (free)
      1. http://www.wellbutrin-sr.com/hcp/graphics/hamd.pdf

    1. Limitations: Not ideal for older patients
    2. Somatic questions positive in non-depressed older adult
      1. Gastrointestinal symptoms
      2. Systemic somatic symptoms
    3. Consider alternative depression scales
      1. Geriatric Depression Scale
    4. References
      1. Geddes (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(7):1395-7
      
    CAGE Questions 
    1. Indications
    2.     
                               Screening for Alcohol Dependence
    1. Cut
      1. Ever felt you ought to cut down on your drinking?
    2. Annoyed
      1. Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
    3. Guilt
      1. Ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?
    4. Eye Opener
      1. Ever had an eye-opener to steady nerves in the AM?
    1. Interpretation
    2. Answering Yes to 2 questions
      1. Strong Indication for Alcoholism
    3. Answering Yes to 3 questions
      1. Confirms Alcoholism
    1. Abbreviated CAGE Questions
    2. Questions
      1. Used substances more than intended this year?
      2. Have you ever felt the need to cut down?
    3. Efficacy
      1. Yes to both is highly sensitive and specific
    1. References
    2. Brown (1997) J Fam Pract 44:151-60
    3. Brown (2001) J Am Board Fam Pract 14:95-106
    4. Bush (1987) Am J Med 82:231-5
    5. Mayfield (1974) Am J Psychiatry 131:1121-3
     
     Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)
    1. Symptom Rating Scale (0=Not Present, 4=Disabling)
    2. Anxious Mood
      1. Worries
      2. Anticipates worst
    3. Tension
      1. Startles
      2. Cries easily
      3. Restless
      4. Trembling
    4. Fears
      1. Fear of the dark
      2. Fear of strangers
      3. Fear of being alone
      4. Fear of animal
    5. Insomnia
      1. Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
      2. Difficulty with Nightmares
    6. Intellectual
      1. Poor concentration
      2. Memory Impairment
    7. Depressed Mood
      1. Decreased interest in activities
      2. Anhedonia
      3. Insomnia
    8. Somatic Complaints: Muscular
      1. Muscle aches or pains
      2. Bruxism
    9. Somatic Complaints: Sensory
      1. Tinnitus
      2. Blurred vision
    10. Cardiovascular Symptoms
      1. Tachycardia
      2. Palpitations
      3. Chest Pain
      4. Sensation of feeling faint
    11. Respiratory Symptoms
      1. Chest pressure
      2. Choking sensation
      3. Shortness of Breath
    12. Gastrointestinal symptoms
      1. Dysphagia
      2. Nausea or Vomiting
      3. Constipation
      4. Weight loss
      5. Abdominal fullness
    13. Genitourinary symptoms
      1. Urinary frequency or urgency
      2. Dysmenorrhea
      3. Impotence
    14. Autonomic Symptoms
      1. Dry Mouth
      2. Flushing
      3. Pallor
      4. Sweating
    15. Behavior at Interview
      1. Fidgets
      2. Tremor
      3. Paces

    1. Interpretation
    2. Above 14 symptoms are graded on scale
      1. Not present: 0
      2. Very severe symptoms: 4
    3. Criteria
      1. Mild Anxiety (minimum for Anxiolytic): 18
      2. Moderate Anxiety: 25
      3. Severe Anxiety: 30

    • Other Anxiety Scales

    1. Zung Self Rating Scale for Anxiety
    2. Beck Anxiety Scale

    1. Resources

      1. Hamilton Anxiety Scale from Healthcare Tech. (purchase)
        1. http://www.healthtechsys.com/ivrhama.html
             
  • 1. Abbreviated Mental Test score (AMT)
    The AMT is the commonest quick ward test to identify patients who may have cognitive problems (1).
    Each question scores one mark and the test is marked out of 10. No half marks allowed.

    1.   Age
    2.   Time (to nearest hour)
    3.   Address for recall at end (e.g. 42 West Street)
    4.   What year is it?
    5.   Name of institution
    6.   Recognition of two persons (can the patient identify your job and that of a nurse)
    7.   Date of birth (day and month)
    8.   Year of First World War
    9.   Name of present monarch.
    10.  Count backwards from 20 to 1

    A score of 6 or below is likely to indicate impaired cognition. This could be acute (delirium) or chronic (dementia) and further assessment is needed. Patients also get a low score if they are deaf, dysphasic, depressed, do not speak English.

    1. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age and Ageing, 1972;1: 233-238.

    4. Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index
    This score devised by a physiotherapist, Barthel, is the commonest basic activities of daily living scale (2). It has limitations: there is a marked ceiling effect (a person could score 20 despite considerable handicap), but it can be scored by a nurse, the score correlates with discharge destination and it is widely used in the elderly.

    Feeding              2 = independent, reasonable speed
                               1 = needs help, eg cutting, spreading
                               0 = unable

    Bathing               1 = independent
                               0 = dependent
                               0 = unable

    Grooming          1 = face/hair/teeth/shaves all alone
                               0 = dependent

    Dressing             2 = independent; ties shoes; copes with zips, etc.
                               1 = needs help, but does half in reasonable time
                               0 = dependent

    Bowels               2 = no accidents
                               1 = occasional accidents/needs help with enemas
                               0 = incontinent

    Bladder               2 = no accidents; manages catheter alone, if used
                               1 = occasional accidents, or needs help with catheter
                               0 = incontinent

    Toilet                 2 = independent
                              1 = needs help
                              0 = unable
     

    Bed/chair           3 = totally independent
    transfer              2 = minimal help needed-verbal/physical
                              1 = able to sit, but needs major help
                              0 = unable-lifted bodily

    Ambulation        3 = independent for 50m - may use aid
                               2 = 50m but with help of person-verbal/physical
                               1 = wheelchair, but independent over 50m
                               0 = immobile

    Stairs                  2 = independent
                               1 = needs help-verbal/physical
                               0 = unable
                               Range 0-20, with 20 most able

    2. Coni N, Webster S. Lecture Notes on Geriatrics, 5th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1998:184