Glossary N to Z

NEWCOMB

REINFORCEMENT THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

NOONAN SYNDROME

Negativism

motiveless resistance to commands and attempts to be moved

Neologism

newly made up word or an everyday word used in an idiosyncratic way

Neurosis

a disorder in which the individual has insight into the illness and they can distinguish between subjective experience and external reality

Nihilistic delusion

delusional belief that oneself, or others or the world does not exist or is about to cease to exist

Nominal aphasia

difficulty in naming objects

OEDIPAL

OTHELLO

Obsessions - repetitive, seemingly irrational thoughts that come to mind despite resitance

Overvalued idea - a sustained preoccupation that is unreasonable given the evidence available, that is held strongly but not to a delusional degree

PALAZZOLI

MILAN SCHOOL

PARADOXICAL FAMILY THERAPY

PARKINSON

PARSONS

SICK ROLE

2 RIGHTS;

RESPONSIBILITY EXEMPTION

NOT RESPOSIBLE FOR ONES CONDITION

2 OBLIGATIONS;

WANT TO RECOVER

SEEK HELP

PATAU

PAVLOV

CLASSICAL RESPONDENT LEARNING.USED LIGHT OR BELL W FOOD FOR DOGS.

CLASSIC; FOOD 1ST.

DELAYED CONDITIONING

BELL FOLLOWED BY FOOD LED TO SALIVATION

0.5 SEC DELAY BEST.

NOTE HERE THE LIGHT CONTINUED UNTIL THE RESPONSE OCCURRED.

SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING

ONSET OF BOTH AT THE SAME TIME .LESS SUCCESSFUL THAN DELAYED.

TRACE CONDITIONING

BELL ENDS BEFORE FOOD STARTED.GREATER GAP WORSE CONDITIONING.

EXTINCTION AND PARTIAL RECOVERY

GENERALISATION

DISCRIMINATION

INCUBATION -----increase in response following brief exposures

STIMULUS PREPAREDNESS- SELIGMANN.

LITTLE ALBERT------WATSON AND RAYNER white rat w loud noise in 11/12 old.

NB ALSO THAT RESCORLE IS A BIG NAME IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

PERLS

GESTAULT THERAPY

PERRIS

UNIPOLAR

BIPOLAR DEPRESSION

PIAGET

CURIOSITY AND EXPLORITORY DRIVE

OBJECT CONSTANCY

GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY- THIS IS WHAT HE CALLED THE STUDY OF KIDS INTELLIGENCE

MODEL OF COGNITIVE DEV

SCHEMES

ASSIMILATION

ACCOMODATION

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE 0-2

PREOPERATIONAL 2-7

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL 7-12

FORMAL OPERATIONAL 13+

PICK

DESCRIBED THE SIMPLEX SYNDROME

PINEL

UNCHAINING LUNATICS

MORAL TX

MANIE SANS DELIRE

PLUTCHIK

PRIMARY EMOTIONS;

DISGUST

ANGER

ANTICIPATION

JOY

ACCEPTANCE

FEAR

SURPRISE

SADNESS

SECONDARY EMOTIONS;

CONTEMPT

LOVE

SUBMISSION

DISAPPOINTMENT

POLLITT

TYPE S-------SOMATIC DEPRESSION

TYPE J -----JUSTIFIABLE DEPRESSION

PRITCHARD 1835

MORAL INSANITY FOR P.D.

Pallilalia

word or phrase is repeated

Panic attacks

acute, episodic attacks of extreme anxiety - may occur with or without physiological symptoms

Pareidolia

vivid imagery that occurs whilst looking at a poorly structured background

Paramnesia

distorted recall leading to falsification of memory e.g. confabulation, déjà vu, déjà pensé, jamais vu, retrospective falsification

Passing by the point (vorbeigehen)

answers to questions, though obviously wrong indicate that the person has understood the question. e.g how many legs has a table? - 3. Occurs in Ganser's Syndrome - described in prisoners awaiting trial

Passivity phenomena

delusional belief that an external agency is controlling the aspects of oneself that are usually under one's own control - e.g. though alienation, made feelings, made impulses, made actions and somatic passivity

Perseveration (of speech and movement)

mental operations carry on past the point that they serve a function e.g. what day is it? Monday, what time is it? Monday. Seen in organic disorders

Personality disorders

deeply ingrained and pervasive patterns of behaviour that are seen in a wide range of situations and cause distress to oneself or others

Phobia

persistent irrational fear of an activity or object. This leads to avoidance. The fear is out of proportion of the reality of the threat

Posturing

inappropriate or bizarre bodily posture adopted continuously over a sustained period

Poverty of speech

reduced speech - tends to occur in severe depressive states

Pressure of speech

increased quantity and rate of speech - tends to occur in manic states

Primary delusion

delusion arriving fully formed without any discernable connection with previous events

Profound mental retardation

IQ of less than 20

Projection

defense mechanism in which repressed thoughts and wishes are attributed to other people or objects

Prosopagnosia

inability to recognise faces

Pseudodementia

depressive states in the elderly may present as a dementia

Pseudohallucination

form of imagery arising in the subjective inner space and lack the substantiality usual of normal perceptions.

Psychosis

disorder in which the individual does not have insight and constructs a false environment out of inner experiences

Pure word deafness

words that are heard cannot be comprehended

RAPOPORT

ASSOCIATED W THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES

RAVENS COLORED PROGRESSIVE MATRICES

INTELLIGENCE TEST FOR KIDS

IT TESTS APTITUDE[RAW POTENTIAL OR POTENTIAL ABILITY]

IT IS THOUGHT TO BE LESS PRONE TO CULTURAL BIASES.

REBOUL-LACHAUX [AND CAPRAS]

USED THE TERM ILLUSION DES SOSIES

RETT SYNDROME

REICH, WILHEIM

CHARACTER ARMOUR- A PERSISTENT INTERPERSONAL DEFENSE MECHANISM

ORGONE ENERGY ACCUMILATOR

NEUROSIS IS DUE TO SEXUAL FRUSTRATION

BIOENERGY

REY-OSTERRIETH FIGURE

TESTS VISUAL MEMORY

RIBOT LAW

LAW OF REGRESSION

LOSS OF NEAR MEMORY FIRST

ROGERS

BASIC ENCOUNTERS

T-GROUPS

SELF CONCEPT

A SET OF ATTITUDES THAT AN INDIVUAL HOLDS ABOUT HIMSELF. IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY CORRESSPOND TO REALITY.

SELF THEORY

[OF PERSONALITY DEV. ]

DRIVE FOR IDEAL SELF

CONGRUENCE BETWEEN SELF-VIEW, OBJECTIVE-VIEW AND IDEAL-SELF

CONGRUENT INDIVIDUALS ARE ABLE TO SELF ACTUALISE

CLIENT CENTRED PSYCHOTHERAPY AIM FOR

ENABLING RELATIONSHIP GER

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

GENUINENESS

ACCURATE EMPATHY

ACQUISITION OF INSIGHT

IMPLIED THAT THE CLIENT KNOWS BEST ABOUT HIS OWN TX.

MAKES USE OF THE Q TECHNIQUE.USES THE CONCEPTS OF REAL AND IDEAL SELF.

ROTH

ENDOGENOUS V NEUROTIC CATEGORISATION OF DEPRESSION

ROTTER SENTENCE COMPLETION

TEST OF PERSONALITY IN KIDS

AS IS THE JUNIOR EYSENCK PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

ROTTER ALSO DESCRIBED INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

AND EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL [those who see their lives being controlled externally].

RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

PROJECTIVE TEST OF PERSONALITY.

OTHER SIMILAR PROJECTIVE TESTS INCLUDE;

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST

SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST

RYLE

COGNITIVE ANALYTICAL THEORY

12-16 SESSIONS

SEQUENTIAL DIAGRAMMATIC REFORMULATION

ALSO USES CLASSICAL ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS SUCH AS TRANSFERENCE, DREAM ANAYSIS INTERPRETATIONS

RUSSELL

DESCRIBED BULAEMIA N. IN 1979

FELT IT WAS DUE TO HYPOTHALAMIC DYSFUNCTION

RationaliSation

defense mechanism in which an attempt is made to explain in a logical way affects, ideas or wishes that may otherwise be unpalatable or unacceptable

Reaction formation

defense mechanism whereby the external action or belief is diametrically opposed to the internal belief

Receptive aphasia (sensory)

difficulty in comprehending word meanings or received speech or language

Reduplication phenomena

part or all of the body is felt to be reduplicated

Reflex hallucination

stimulus in one sensory field leads to a hallucination in another sensory field

Regression

defense mechanism in which there is a return to an earlier stage of development

Repression

defense mechanism in which unacceptable affects, ideas or wishes are pushed away so that they remain in the unconscious

Retrospective falsification

false details are added to the recollection of an otherwise real memory

SAKEL

INSULIN COMA THERAPY

SATIR

FAMILY THERAPY

SCHACHTER

COGNITIVE LABELLING THEORY

EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE IS A FUNCTION OF

STIMULUS

PHYSIOLOGY

COGNITIVE CUES

HIM AND SINGER GAVE ADRENALINE TO INDIDUALS [I PRESUME BLINDLY] AND MONITORED THERE RESPONSES WHICH WERE EFFECTED BY OTHER PEOPLES RESPONSES.

CARL SCHNEIDER

USED THE TERM PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY

FODDS

FUSIONS------------------------TRANSITORY THINKING

OMISSIONS--------------------TRANSITORY THINKING

DERAILMENT-----------------TRANSITORY THINKING

DRIVELLING------------------DISORGANISATION THINKING

SUBSTITIONS------------------TRANSITORY THINKING

HEALTHY THINKING--------ABN THINKING

CONSTANCY------------------TRANSITORY THINKING FODS

ORGANISATION---------------DRIVELLING THINKING

CONTINUITY-------------------DESULTORY THINKING

KURT SCHNEIDER

1ST RANK SYMPTOMS

THOUGHT ECHO

3RD PERSON AUDITORY HALL ARGUING OR DISCUSSING.

RUNNING COMMENTARY ON PTS ACTIONS

PASSIVITY OF THOUGHT;

DELUSIONAL PERCEPTION

PASSIVITY OF CONTROL/DELUSION OF CONTROL;

MADE ACTS/DRIVES

MADE FEELINGS

MADE IMPULSES/VOLITION SOMATIC PASSIVITY/SOMATIC HALLUCINATIONS

SCHWARTZ WITH WOLPE

ANALYSIS IN THE GROUP

SELIGMAN

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS WHEN REWARD IS NOT CONTINGENT ON ACTION

PREPAREDNESS

ELECTRIC SHOCK TO DOGS

THE COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEPRESSSION IS BASED LARGELY ON THIS.HAPPENS MORE READILY IN THOSE WHO FEEL THEY HAVE NO PERSONAL CONTROL OVER EVENTS. SAME AS ROTTERS IDEA OF EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL.

SHELDON

BODY SHAPE

ENDOMORPHIC-VISCEROTONIC PERSONALITY

ECTOMORPHIC-CEREBROTONIC PERSONALITY

MESOMORPHIC-SOMATOTONIC PERSONALITY

SKINNER

OPERANT INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING

OPERANT BEHAVIOUR increased behaviour 2ary to reward,independent of stimuli.

RESPONDENT BEHAVIOUR increased behaviour dependent on stimuli.

BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY

WATSON ALSO INVOLVED

SKINNER BOX

Hungry rats

Food-----------------------------------------------------------+/-lever

Initially unconditioned stimulus-------------------------+/-lever

Then conditioned stimulus---------------------------------lever repreated after trial and error IE.-------------------------------CONDITIONED RESPONSE.

EXTINCTION

PARTIAL RECOVERY

DISCRIMINATION

[+/-] REINFORCER [is a stimulus]

POS.REINFORCEMENT: behaviourgain [+]----------------repeated behaviour

A reinforcing reward stimulus which increases the occurrence of the operant behaviour.

NEG. REINFORCEMENT: behaviour pain [-] removed--increased behaviour

An aversion stimulus where by its removal the operant behaviour would increase.

PUNISHMENT: behaviour----------pain--------------------decreased behaviour

An aversive stimulus occurs whenever a behaviour occurs.

AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING

Where the subject learns to avoid the aversive stimulus eg by pressing lever.

Escape conditioning

The response learned provides complete escape from the aversion.[very resistent to extinction]

PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT

SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT

FIXED INTERVAL

VARIABLE INTERVAL

FIXED RATIO

VARIABLE RATIO GAMBLING

DESCRIBED SHAPING

SLATER

FAMOUS STUDY ON HYSTERICS, FOUND A LOT HAD ORGANIC ILLNESS ON FOLLOW UP!!

SPITZ

ANACLITIC DEPRESSION

INFANT DEPRIVED OF MOTHER IN EARLY LIFE

INITIAL VIGOUROUS PROTEST

A PHASE OF DETACHMENT

SEVERE DEPRESSION

THE LACK OF A MOTHER HE SAYS RATHER THAN THE TYPE OF MOTHERING, INSTITUTIONAL SETTING OR PLAY ENVIRONMENT DETERMINED DELAYED DEVELOPMENT.

STANFORD BINET TEST

INTELLIGENCE IN YOUNG

THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL AGE WAS DEVISED BY BINET.IT IS MEASURED BY THE LEVEL OF PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING.

THIS TEST CAN BE APPLIED EACH YEAR UP TIL THE AGE OF 15.

IQ=MA/CA * 100.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

MEAN OF 100 AND SD OF 15.

STOCKTON GERIATRIC RATING SCALE

MEASURES BEHAVIOUR DISTURBANCE

SYNDENHAM

FIRST DESCRIBED HYSTERIA IN 1681

Severe mental retardation

IQ of 20-34 inclusive

Simple phobia

fear of discrete objects or situations

Simultanagnosia

inability to globally appreciate pictures

Social phobia

fear of interactions in public settings

Somatic passivity

delusional belief that one is a passive recipient of bodily sensations from an external agency

Somnambulism

sleep walking

Somnolence

state of drowsiness from which one can be woken

Stammering

flow of speech is broken by pauses and the repetition of parts of words

Stereotypy

repeated, regular fixed pattern of movement or speech that is goal directed

Sublimation

defense mechanism allowing unconscious wishes to be satisfied by socially acceptable means

Superego

derivative of the ego which hold ethical and moralistic values

Synaesthesia

stimulus in one sensory field leads to a hallucination in another sensory field

SystematiSed

TAYLOR

DESCRIBED EIDETIC IMAGES

THOMAS AND CHESS

9 CATEGORIES OF TEMPERAMENT

1. ACTIVITY LEVEL

2. BIOLOGICAL

3. NEW SITUATIONS

4. ADAPTABILITY

5. RESPONSE TO STIMULI

6. INTENSITY OF REACTION

7. QUALITY OF MOOD

8. DISTRACTABILITY

9. ATTENTION SPAN

EASY CHILD

DIFFICULT CHILD

SLOW TO WARM UP CHILD

THORNDIKE

LAW OF EFFECT

Vol. Behaviour paired w reward is strengthtened.usually by trial and error learning.

Hungry cats in a puzzle learned by trial and error.

THRUSTONE

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

DICHOTOMOUS SCALE FOR MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDE

TOKEN TEST

TEST OF LANGUAGE; COMPREHENSION OF PROGRESSIVELY DIFFICULT COMMANDS

TOURETTE

TUKE

THE YORK RETREAT

Tactile (haptic) hallucination

superficial somatic hallucination

Talking past the point (vorbeirden)

point of what is being said is never quite reached

Thought blocking

sudden interruption in the train of thought, leaving a 'blank'

Thought broadcasting

delusional belief that one's thoughts are being 'read' by others as if they were being broadcast

Thought insertion

delusional belief that thoughts are being inserted into one's mind by an external agency

Thought withdrawal

delusional belief that thoughts are being removed

Tics

repeated, irregular movements involving a muscle group

Trailing phenomenon - moving objects are seen as a series of discrete discontinuous images. It is associated with hallucinogens

Transference

unconscious process in which emotions and attitudes experienced in childhood are transferred to the therapist

Undoing (what has been done)

defense mechanism in which previous thoughts or actions are made not to have

VON BERTALANFFY

GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY OF THE FAMILY

HOMEOSTASIS

FEEDBACK LOOPS

SUBSYSTEMS BOUNDRY

CIRCULAR CAUSALITY

VON KRAFT EBBING

COINED SADISM AND MASACHISM

VON JAUREGG

NOBEL PRIZE FOR TX OF NEURSYPHYLIS

VON ZERSSENS

DEPRESSION SCALE W ADJECTIVE CHECKLIST

Visceral hallucinations

somatic hallucinations of deep sensations

Visual asymbolia

words can be transcribed but not read

WALLER

FELT A.N. WAS A DEFENSE AGAINST UNCONSCIOUS FANTASIES OF ORAL IMPREGNATION

WATSON

BEHAVIOURAL TX

PIONEER OF BEHAVIORAL TX

FOCUSED ON OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR

LITTLE ALBERT

WEBER LAW

THE INCREASE IN INTENSITY FOR 2 SOURSES TO BE DISCRIMINATED IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE BASELINE LEVEL.

WERTHEIMER

ASSOC WITH GESTAULT TX

WERNICKE

DESCRIBED OVERVALUED IDEAS

WESCHLER

VERBAL

VOCABULARY

ARITHMETIC

DIGIT SPAN

INFORMATION

COMPREHENSION

SIMILARITIES

PERFORMANCE

PICTURE COMPLETION

PICTURE ARRANGEMENT

OBJECT ASSEMBLY

DIGIT SYMBOL

BLOCK DESIGN

HIGH RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY.

WISC-R FOR CHILDREN 5 TO 15.

WPPSI FOR 6/12 TO 4-6 YEAR OLDS

WINNICOTT

THE INDEPENDENT GROUP

THE MOTHER BABY DYAD

COUNTERTRANSFERENCE

MOTHERHOOD

CAPACITY TO BE ALONE

TRANSITIONAL OBJECT

THE HOLDING ENVIRONMENT

THE POTENTIAL SPACE

THE SQUIGGLE GAME

AT-ONE-MENT

PRIMARY MATERNAL PREOCCUPATION

REGRESSION TO DEPENDENCE

GOING ON BEING

OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

IMPINGEMENT

OBJECT USAGE

THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN INFANT

THE STATEMENT MUST BE FOUND IN ORDER TO BE CREATED

WINOKUR

DEPRESSIVE SPECTRUM DISEASE

PURE DEPRESSIVE DISEASE

WISCONSIN CARD SORTING TEST

A FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION TEST

WOLF

ANALYSIS IN THE GROUP WITH SCHWARTZ

WOLPE

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION BASED ON RECIPRICAL INHIBITION.

Relaxation inhibits anxiety

RECIPRICAL INHIBITION;

IF A RESPONSE INCOMPATABLE W ANXIETY IS PRODUCED WHILE EXPOSED THE FEAR PESPONSE WOULD BE EXTINGUISHED

HABITUATION in ocd

Uses exposure and response prevention

Same as counterCONDITIONING

CHAINING

SHAPING

WYNNE

FAMILY COMMUNICATIONS VAGUE AND FRAGMENTED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

HIM AND SINGER ALSO DESCRIBED DEVIANCES IN THE SPEECH OF PARENTS OF SCHIZOS.

YALOM

CURATIVE FACTORS

A GUISE

C C

THERAPEUTIC FACTORS

ALTRUISM

GUIDANCE

UNIVERSALITY

IMITATIVE BEHAVIOUR

SOCIALISING TECHNIQUES

EXISTENTIAL FACTORS

CORRECTIVE RECAPITULATION OF THE FAMILY GROUP

INSTILLATION OF HOPE

[INSIGHT AND] INTERPERSONAL LEARNING

COHESIVENESS

CATHARSIS

YERKES DODSON LAW

INVOLVED IN THE INTRINSIC MOTIVATION THEORYWHERE ACTIVATION ENGAGED IN HAS ITS OWN INTRINSIC REWARD.

Waxy flexibility (cerea flexibilitas)

a patient's movements have the feeling of a plastic resistance, as if the person was made of wax. Occurs in catatonic schizophrenia. The persons limbs can be placed in fixed positions

Word salad (schizophasia or speech confusion)

the speech is an incoherent and incomprehensible mix of words and phrases. Occurs in schizophrenia

ZUNG

SELF RATING DEPRESSION SCALE

From MULTIPLE sources INCLUDING lecture notes.